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8 themed words

Words from Mythology

Unit 66 - Part 5: 8 themed words

Apollonian

/ˌæp.əˈloʊ.ni.ən/
Definition:
Harmonious, ordered, rational, calm.
Example:
After a century of Romantic emotion, some composers adopted a more Apollonian style, producing clearly patterned pieces that avoided extremes of all kinds.
Explanation:
In Greek mythology, Apollo was the god of the sun, light, prophecy, and music, and the most revered of all the gods. Partly because of the writings of Nietzsche, we now often think of Apollo (in contrast to the god Dionysus) as a model of calm reason, and we may call anything with those qualities *Apollonian.*

bacchanalian

/ˌbæk.əˈneɪ.li.ən/
Definition:
Frenzied, orgiastic.
Example:
The bacchanalian partying on graduation night resulted in three wrecked cars, two lawsuits by unamused parents, and more new experiences than most of the participants could remember the next day.
Explanation:
The Roman god of drama, wine, and ecstasy, Bacchus was the focus of a widespread celebration, the *Bacchanalia.* The festivities were originally secret, and only initiated members could participate. There was wine in abundance, and participants were expected to cut loose from normal restraints and give in to all sorts of wild desires.

delphic

/ˈdel.fɪk/
Definition:
Unclear, ambiguous, or confusing.
Example:
All she could get from the strange old woman were a few delphic comments that left her more confused than ever about the missing documents.
Explanation:
Delphi in Greece was the site of a temple to Apollo at which there resided an oracle, a woman through whom Apollo would speak, foretelling the future. The Greeks consulted the oracle frequently on matters both private and public.

Dionysian

/ˌdaɪ.əˈnɪ.ʒən/
Definition:
Frenzied, delirious.
Example:
Only in the tropics did such festivals become truly Dionysian, he said, which was why he was booking his flight to Rio.
Explanation:
Dionysus was the Greek forerunner of Bacchus. He was the inventor of wine, which he gave to the human race. For that gift and for all the wild behavior that it led to, Dionysus became immensely popular, and he appears in a great many myths.

jovial

/ˈdʒoʊ.vi.əl/
Definition:
Jolly, good-natured.
Example:
Their grandfather was as jovial and sociable as their grandmother was quiet and withdrawn.
Explanation:
*Jove*, or Jupiter, was the Roman counterpart of the Greek's Zeus, and like Zeus was regarded as chief among the gods. When the Romans were naming the planets, they gave the name Jupiter to the one that, as they may have already known, was the largest of all

mercurial

/mərˈkjʊə.ri.əl/
Definition:
Having rapid and unpredictable changes of mood.
Example:
His mother's always mercurial temper became even more unpredictable, to the point where the slightest thing would trigger a violent fit.
Explanation:
The god Mercury, with his winged cap and sandals, was the very symbol of speed, and the planet Mercury was named for him by the Romans because it is the fastest-moving of the planets.

Olympian

/oʊˈlɪm.pi.ən/
Definition:
Lofty, superior, and detached.
Example:
Now 77, he moved slowly and spoke to the younger lawyers in Olympian tones, but his college friends could remember when he was a brash, crazy risk-taker.
Explanation:
The Greek gods lived high atop Mt. Olympus, which allowed them to watch what went on in the human realm below and intervene as they saw fit.

venereal

/vəˈnɪə.ri.əl/
Definition:
Having to do with sexual intercourse or diseases transmitted by it.
Example:
In the 19th century syphilis especially was often fatal, and venereal diseases killed some of the greatest figures of the time.
Explanation:
Venus was the Roman goddess of love, the equivalent of the Greek Aphrodite. Since she governed all aspects of love and desire, a word derived from her name was given to the diseases acquired through sexual contact. ```

Audio Learning

Unit 2 - Split 5

Conversation Script

Follow along with Alex and Ben

Alex
Welcome back to Word Builders, the show where we find the ancient stories hidden in modern words. I’m Alex.
Ben
And I’m Ben.
Alex
Ben, did you know that when you describe a wild party, a confusing comment, or even a good-natured person, you might be naming an ancient Greek or Roman god?
Ben
You mean their names are embedded in our vocabulary? I know about a few, but I have a feeling there are more than I realize.
Alex
There are. The personalities and domains of the gods have given us a rich collection of words to describe human behavior. Today, we're meeting eight of these mythological figures through the words they inspired.
Ben
This sounds like a trip to Mount Olympus. I’m ready. Who is our first god?
Alex
Our first word is Apollonian. A-P-O-L-L-O-N-I-A-N.
Ben
Apollonian. That must come from the god Apollo. I know he was a major god, but what does the word mean?
Alex
It means harmonious, ordered, rational, and calm. Apollo was the god of sun, light, music, and prophecy, and he represented order and reason. So you could say, some composers adopted a more Apollonian style, producing clearly patterned pieces.
Ben
So it’s all about logic and avoiding extremes. The material mentions he’s often contrasted with another god.
Alex
He is, and that brings us perfectly to our next word: bacchanalian. B-A-C-C-H-A-N-A-L-I-A-N.
Ben
Bacchanalian. That does not sound calm and ordered. It sounds like the exact opposite.
Alex
It is! It means frenzied or orgiastic. It comes from Bacchus, the Roman god of wine and ecstasy. His festivals, the Bacchanalia, were secret parties where participants were encouraged to cut loose from all normal restraints.
Ben
So a bacchanalian party is a really wild, out-of-control celebration.
Alex
That’s the one. Now, let’s go back to Apollo for our next word. It’s delphic. D-E-L-P-H-I-C.
Ben
Delphic. From the Oracle at Delphi, right? She was Apollo's priestess.
Alex
Exactly. The Oracle at Delphi was famous for foretelling the future, but her prophecies were famously unclear and ambiguous. So, *delphic* means unclear, ambiguous, or confusing. All she could get were a few delphic comments that left her more confused than ever.
Ben
I can imagine how frustrating it would be to get a delphic answer to a direct question. Now, you mentioned Bacchus was the Roman version of a Greek god?
Alex
I did. He was the Roman version of Dionysus, which gives us our fourth word: Dionysian. D-I-O-N-Y-S-I-A-N.
Ben
Dionysian. Does it mean the same thing as bacchanalian?
Alex
It does. It means frenzied or delirious. Dionysus was the Greek god of wine and wild behavior. He's the other half of the famous pairing with Apollo. You have the calm, rational Apollonian on one side, and the frenzied, emotional Dionysian on the other.
Ben
Reason versus chaos. What a perfect pair of opposites. So we have the calm, the wild, the confusing, and the delirious. What other gods have shaped our language?
Alex
Let’s look at a few more of the most famous gods, many of whom gave their names to our planets. Let's start with the king. The word is jovial. J-O-V-I-A-L.
Ben
Jovial means jolly and good-natured. Who does that come from?
Alex
It comes from Jove, another name for Jupiter, the Roman equivalent of Zeus and the chief among the gods. When they named the planets, they gave his name to the largest one, Jupiter.
Ben
It's funny that the king of the gods, who could throw thunderbolts when he was angry, gives us a word for being jolly.
Alex
It is an interesting contrast. Next up, we have mercurial. M-E-R-C-U-R-I-A-L.
Ben
If someone is mercurial, their moods change rapidly and unpredictably.
Alex
Precisely. And this comes from the god Mercury, the speedy messenger of the gods with his winged cap and sandals. He was the symbol of speed, so the fastest-moving planet was named Mercury in his honor. The word reflects that same rapid, unpredictable motion in a person's temperament.
Ben
So a mercurial temper is one that flies all over the place. That makes perfect sense.
Alex
It does. Now for a word that describes a certain kind of attitude. The word is Olympian. O-L-Y-M-P-I-A-N.
Ben
Olympian. That must come from Mount Olympus, where the gods lived.
Alex
Correct. Olympian means lofty, superior, and detached. Because the gods lived high atop Mount Olympus, they could look down on humanity from a great, detached height. We use the word to describe someone who acts like they are above it all.
Ben
For example, he spoke to the younger lawyers in Olympian tones, as if he were a god speaking to mortals.
Alex
You've got it. And now for our final word, which comes from the goddess of love. The word is venereal. V-E-N-E-R-E-A-L.
Ben
Venereal. I know this term. It relates to diseases transmitted through sexual contact. How does that connect to a goddess?
Alex
It comes from Venus, the Roman goddess of love, the equivalent of the Greek Aphrodite. Because she was the goddess who governed all aspects of love and desire, her name was eventually used to classify the diseases that could be acquired through that same intimacy.
Ben
So the word covers all things related to the domain of Venus, both the good and the bad. That's fascinating. Time for a final review?
Alex
Let’s. From the gods of reason and revelry...
Ben
We had Apollonian, meaning calm and ordered. Bacchanalian and Dionysian, meaning frenzied and wild. And delphic, meaning unclear and ambiguous.
Alex
And from the other major gods...
Ben
We had jovial, for jolly, from Jove. Mercurial, for changeable, from Mercury. Olympian, for lofty and detached, from Mount Olympus. And venereal, related to sexual contact, from Venus.
Alex
It just goes to show, the gods of mythology are still with us every day, living on in our language.
Ben
Thanks for listening to Word Builders!
Alex
Join us next time.
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