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Word Roots

2 roots • 8 words

DUC/DUCT

Root Meaning:

DUC/DUCT, from the Latin verb ducere, “to lead,” shows up regularly in English. Duke means basically “leader.” The Italian dictator Mussolini was known simply as Il Duce, “the leader.” But such words as produce and reduce also contain the root, even though their meanings show it less clearly.

Etymology:

Latin
4 words derived from this root

Words from this root:

conducive

/kənˈduː.sɪv/
Definition:
Tending to promote, encourage, or assist; helpful.
Example:
She found the atmosphere in the quiet café conducive to study and even to creative thinking.
Explanation:
Something conducive “leads to” a desirable result. A cozy living room may be conducive to relaxed conversation, just as a boardroom may be conducive to more intense discussions. Notice that *conducive* is almost always followed by *to.*

deduction

/diˈdʌk.ʃən/
Definition:
(1) Subtraction. (2) The reaching of a conclusion by reasoning.
Example:
Foretelling the future by deduction based on a political or economic theory has proved to be extremely difficult.
Explanation:
To *deduct* is simply to subtract. A tax deduction is a subtraction from your taxable income allowed by the government for certain expenses, which will result in your paying lower taxes.

induce

/ɪnˈduːs/
Definition:
(1) Persuade, influence. (2) Bring about.
Example:
To induce him to make the call we had to promise we wouldn't do it again.
Explanation:
Inducing is usually gentle persuasion; you may, for instance, induce a friend to go to a concert, or induce a child to stop crying.

seduction

/siˈdʌk.ʃən/
Definition:
(1) Temptation to sin, especially temptation to sexual intercourse. (2) Attraction or charm.
Example:
The company began its campaign of seduction of the smaller firm by inviting its top management to a series of weekends at expensive resorts.
Explanation:
*Seduction,* with its prefix *se-,* “aside,” means basically “lead aside or astray.” In Hawthorne's novel *The Scarlet Letter,* Hester Prynne is forced to wear a large scarlet A, for “adulteress,” after it is revealed that she's been *seduced* by the Reverend Dimmesdale.

SEQU

Root Meaning:

SEQU comes from the Latin verb sequi, meaning “to follow.” A sequel follows the original novel, film, or television show.

Etymology:

Latin
4 words derived from this root

Words from this root:

sequential

/sɪˈkwen.ʃəl/
Definition:
(1) Arranged in order or in a series. (2) Following in a series.
Example:
In writing the history of the revolution, his challenge was to put all the events of those fateful days in proper sequential order.
Explanation:
Things in *sequence,* or regular order, are arranged *sequentially.* Most novels and films move sequentially, but some use techniques such as flashbacks that interrupt the movement forward in time.

subsequent

/ˈsʌb.sɪ.kwənt/
Definition:
Following in time, order, or place; later.
Example:
Through all her subsequent love affairs, she never stopped thinking about the man who got away.
Explanation:
The prefix *sub-* normally means “below,” and the *sub-* in *subsequent* seems to imply that everything after the first is somehow inferior.

consequential

/ˌkɒn.sɪˈkwen.ʃəl/
Definition:
(1) Resulting. (2) Important.
Example:
None of our discussions thus far has been very consequential; next week's meeting will be the important one.
Explanation:
Something consequential follows or comes along with something else. The “resulting” meaning of *consequential* is usually seen in legal writing. But normally *consequential* means “significant” or “important,” and it's especially used for events that will produce large *consequences*, or results.

non sequitur

/ˌnɒn ˈsek.wɪ.tər/
Definition:
A statement that does not follow logically from anything previously said.
Example:
Rattled by the question, his mind went blank, and he blurted out a non sequitur that fetched a few laughs from members of the audience.
Explanation:
*Non sequitur* is actually a complete sentence in Latin, meaning “It does not follow”—that is, something said or written doesn't logically follow what came before it.

Audio Learning

Unit 2 - Split 4

Conversation Script

Follow along with Alex and Ben

Alex
Welcome back to Word Builders, the podcast that leads you through the English language, one root at a time. I’m Alex.
Ben
And I’m Ben.
Alex
Ben, let me ask you a personal question. In life, would you say you're more of a leader or a follower?
Ben
That's a deep question to start the day! I guess it depends on the situation. Sometimes I lead, sometimes I follow. Why do you ask?
Alex
Because our two roots today are the very essence of that dynamic. We're looking at DUC or DUCT, the Latin root for “to lead,” and SEQU, the Latin root for “to follow.”
Ben
Leader and follower, DUC and SEQU. I love it! It’s a natural pairing. Where are we starting? With the leaders?
Alex
Let's start at the front. The root DUC/DUCT comes from the Latin verb *ducere*, “to lead.” This is where we get the word *duke*, a leader, or Mussolini’s title, *Il Duce*, which literally means “the leader.”
Ben
So it’s all about guiding or being in charge. What's our first word?
Alex
Our first word is conducive. C-O-N-D-U-C-I-V-E.
Ben
Conducive. I've heard this one. If a place is conducive to studying, it helps you study.
Alex
That’s it exactly. It means tending to promote, encourage, or assist. Something conducive “leads to” a good result. You might find a quiet café conducive to creative thinking.
Ben
The material notes that it's almost always followed by the word "to." Conducive to conversation, conducive to relaxation.
Alex
An excellent and very practical point to remember. Next up is deduction. D-E-D-U-C-T-I-O-N.
Ben
Deduction. Sherlock Holmes was the master of deduction! But it also means a subtraction, like a tax deduction.
Alex
Correct, it has both meanings. A tax deduction is a subtraction from your income. In logic, a deduction is reaching a conclusion by reasoning—you are “led” from the facts to the truth.
Ben
So in both cases, something is being led away—either money from your taxable income or a conclusion from the evidence.
Alex
A very sharp deduction on your part. Now for the word induce. I-N-D-U-C-E.
Ben
To induce someone to do something is to persuade them.
Alex
Yes, it means to persuade or influence, and also to bring about. The key is that it's usually gentle persuasion, leading someone toward a decision. For example, we had to promise we wouldn't do it again to induce him to make the call.
Ben
So you wouldn't induce someone with threats. It’s more like coaxing.
Alex
Precisely. Now for our last "leading" word, which is a bit more mischievous: seduction. S-E-D-U-C-T-I-O-N.
Ben
Seduction. That’s temptation, leading someone into doing something they perhaps shouldn't.
Alex
That's the heart of it. The prefix *se-* means “aside,” so to seduce someone is to “lead them aside,” or lead them astray from the proper path.
Ben
The text mentions Hawthorne's *The Scarlet Letter*, a classic story of seduction. But it also uses it in a business context.
Alex
Right. A company can begin a campaign of seduction of a smaller firm by wooing its management at expensive resorts. It’s about the charm and attraction used to lead someone or something where you want them to go.
Ben
Okay, we’ve covered all the ways of leading. But for every leader, there has to be a follower, right?
Alex
The perfect transition. Let's talk about our second root, SEQU, from the Latin verb *sequi*, meaning “to follow.”
Ben
This is where we get the word *sequel* for a movie, because it follows the original story.
Alex
Exactly. And our first word is sequential. S-E-Q-U-E-N-T-I-A-L.
Ben
If things are sequential, they are arranged in order, one following the next.
Alex
Correct. As in, his challenge was to put all the events of those fateful days in proper sequential order. Most stories are told sequentially, but some, as the material notes, use flashbacks that break up that forward-following movement.
Ben
What’s our next “following” word?
Alex
Subsequent. S-U-B-S-E-Q-U-E-N-T.
Ben
Subsequent just means later, or following in time. Like, the original meeting was a disaster, and all subsequent meetings were cancelled.
Alex
That's the one. It means following in time, order, or place. The text points out a fascinating bit of etymology here. The prefix *sub-* usually means "below," which might suggest that anything that follows is somehow less important or inferior to what came first.
Ben
That's a very interesting, and maybe pessimistic, way of looking at things!
Alex
It is, isn't it? Next up is consequential. C-O-N-S-I-Q-U-E-N-T-I-A-L.
Ben
Consequential. I know this means important. But it must also relate to following.
Alex
It does. It has two meanings. The first is "resulting," which you see in legal writing. But the common meaning is "important." And it’s considered important because it will have large results, or *consequences*, that follow from it.
Ben
So a casual chat isn't consequential, but a big meeting that will decide the company's future is very consequential.
Alex
You've got it. And now for our final word, which is a real showstopper. It is non sequitur. N-O-N S-E-Q-U-I-T-U-R.
Ben
A non sequitur! I love this phrase. It's when someone says something completely random that has nothing to do with the conversation.
Alex
Precisely. It’s a statement that does not follow logically from anything said before. And what's really cool is that the phrase *non sequitur* is a complete sentence in Latin.
Ben
What does it mean in Latin?
Alex
It means, "It does not follow." We borrowed the entire phrase directly into English to describe that exact situation.
Ben
That is fantastic. A perfect word for when a conversation suddenly goes off the rails. Shall we do a quick review?
Alex
Let’s. From DUC/DUCT, to lead.
Ben
We had conducive, leading to a result. Deduction, being led to a conclusion. Induce, to gently lead someone. And seduction, to lead someone astray.
Alex
And from SEQU, to follow.
Ben
We had sequential, following in order. Subsequent, following in time. Consequential, important because of the results that follow. And non sequitur, a statement that does not follow.
Alex
From leading the way to following along, these two roots are in a constant dance in our language.
Ben
Thanks for listening to Word Builders!
Alex
Join us next time.
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