(1) Something that is taught. (2) An official principle, opinion, or belief.

The original doctrines were those of the Catholic Church, especially as taught by the so-called *doctors* (religious scholars) of the Church. But today a doctrine can come from many other sources. Old and established legal principles are called legal doctrine. Traditional psychiatrists still follow the doctrines of Sigmund Freud. Communist doctrine in the 1920s and '30s was often the teachings of Lenin, which were then regarded in the Soviet Union as almost sacred. U.S. presidents have given their names to doctrines as well: In 1823 the Monroe Doctrine stated that the United States would oppose European influence in the Americas, and in 1947 the Truman Doctrine held that America would support free countries against enemies outside and inside.

(1) Teacher, lecturer. (2) A person who leads guided tours, especially through a museum.

The title of docent is used in many countries for what Americans would call an associate professor—that is, a college or university teacher who has been given tenure (see *tenure*) but hasn't yet achieved the rank of full professor. But in the U.S. a docent is a guide who works at a museum, a historical site, or even a zoo or a park. Docents are usually volunteers, and their services are often free of charge.

Tending to apply principles or theories without regard for practical difficulties or individual circumstance.

Someone doctrinaire sticks closely to official doctrines or principles. A doctrinaire judge will give identical sentences to everyone found guilty of a particular crime. A doctrinaire feminist may treat all men as if they were identical. A doctrinaire economist might call for a single solution for the economic problems in all countries, regardless of their social and cultural history. As you might guess, the word isn't often used in positive contexts.

(1) To teach, especially basics or fundamentals. (2) To fill someone with a particular opinion or point of view.

*Indoctrinate* simply means “brainwash” to many people today. We frequently hear, for example, of religious cults that indoctrinate their members to give up their freedom and individuality and to work hard only for a leader's goals. But its meaning wasn't originally negative at all. And the fact is that every society indoctrinates its young people with the values of its culture; in the U.S. we tend to be indoctrinated to love freedom, to be individuals, and to work hard for success, among many other things. But we now rarely use *indoctrinate* (or its noun, *indoctrination*) in a positive way; instead we usually stick to the simpler and safer *teach* or *instruct*.

(1) A class for one student or a small group of students. (2) An instructional program that gives information about a specific subject.

Tutorials with live tutors are useful for both advanced students and struggling ones. Many computer programs include electronic tutorials to help the new user get used to the program, leading him or her through all its functions, often by means of pictures and short videos. But a really difficult program may still require a real-life tutor to be fully understood.

(1) The act of teaching; instruction. (2) The cost of or payment for instruction.

The sense of *tuition* meaning “teaching” or “instruction” is mostly used in Britain today. In the U.S., *tuition* almost always means the costs charged by a school, college, or university for that teaching. Those costs have tended to rise at an alarming rate in recent years. Around 2010 a student could receive a four-year college education (tuition, room, and board) at an inexpensive public university for less than $50,000, but might have to pay more than $200,000 at an expensive private college or university.

(1) The power of knowing something immediately without mental effort; quick insight. (2) Something known in this way.

*Intuition* is very close in meaning to *instinct.* The moment a man enters a room you may feel you know *intuitively* or instinctively everything about him —that is, you may *intuit* his basic personality. Highly rational people may try to ignore their intuition and insist on being able to explain everything they think, but artists and creative thinkers often tend to rely on their *intuitive* sense of things. Intuition can be closely related to their imagination, which seems to come from somewhere just as mysterious. Some psychologists claim that the left brain is mainly involved in logical thinking and the right brain in intuitive thinking; but the brain is terribly complex, and even if there's some truth to this idea, it's not terribly obvious how to make use of it.

Instruction or guidance of an individual; guardianship.

*Tutelage* usually means specialized and individual guidance. Alexander the Great was under the tutelage of the philosopher Aristotle between the ages of 13 and 16, and his *tutor* inspired him with a love of philosophy, medicine, and science. At 16 he commanded his first army, and by his death 16 years later he had founded the greatest empire ever seen. But it's not so easy to trace the effects of the brilliant tutelage he had received in his youth.